网站搭建经验——JS前端与Python后台的结合
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by GuoWY
先说明一下，我的网页服务器用的是空间，也就是云虚拟主机的分割，仅支持php，不支持python和java，但是网站的后台运算必须用到tensorflow，所以为了实现所谓的python后台，只能考虑把前端数据跨域传给本地计算机上的python接口。通常来说，网页上传输数据比较靠谱的方式是json+xml表单提交，但这种方式比较适合后台与前端在同一台服务器上，为了满足跨域传输，最后我选择了比较原始的websocket传输方法，其实应该还有更好的传输方法，但是因为我在web方面是个小白（第一次写web），选这种传统的方法实现起来更易于查阅相关资料和代码。。
其实js对于websocket的支持是很不错的，传输、解码都很快（毕竟WebSocket是HTML5出的），但是python对于web就有很多问题，所以这篇经验的重点在于python对websocket的传输与加、解码。我们先来看一下websocket的协议格式：
根据这张图我们便能在python端一步步写出读取数据的方法：
第一步getopcode：
def getOpcode(self):
first8Bit = self.con.recv(1)
first8Bit = struct.unpack('B', first8Bit)[0]
opcode = first8Bit & 0b00001111
return opcode第二步getdatalength：
def getDataLength(self):
second8Bit = self.con.recv(1)
second8Bit = struct.unpack('B', second8Bit)[0]
masking = second8Bit >> 7
dataLength = second8Bit & 0b01111111
#print("dataLength:",dataLength)
if dataLength <= 125:
payDataLength = dataLength
elif dataLength == 126:
payDataLength = struct.unpack('H', self.con.recv(2))[0]
elif dataLength == 127:
payDataLength = struct.unpack('Q', self.con.recv(8))[0]
self.masking = masking
self.payDataLength = payDataLength第三步getClientData：
def readClientData(self):
if self.masking == 1:
maskingKey = self.con.recv(4)
data=self.con.recv(self.payDataLength)
if self.masking == 1:
i = 0
trueData = ''
for d in data:
trueData += chr(d ^ maskingKey[i % 4])
i += 1
return trueData
else:
return data同样可以写出一个发送数据的方法sendDataToClient：
def sendDataToClient(self, text):
sendData = ''
sendData = struct.pack('!B', 0x81)
length = len(text)
if length <= 125:
sendData += struct.pack('!B', length)
elif length <= 65536:
sendData += struct.pack('!B', 126)
sendData += struct.pack('!H', length)
elif length == 127:
sendData += struct.pack('!B', 127)
sendData += struct.pack('!Q', length)
sendData += struct.pack('!%ds' % (length), text.encode())
dataSize = self.con.send(sendData) 下面我给出一个完整的代码，它是一个js前端与python后台交流数据的demo：
【前端Javascript】
<!DOCTYPE html>
</html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
</head>
<body>
<h3>WebSocketTest</h3>
<div id="login">
<div>
<input id="serverIP" type="text" placeholder="服务器IP" value="127.0.0.1" autofocus="autofocus" />
<input id="serverPort" type="text" placeholder="服务器端口" value="9999" />
<input id="btnConnect" type="button" value="连接" onclick="connect()"/>
</div>
<div>
<input id="sendText" type="text" placeholder="发送文本" value="TC| I'm Websocket client!" />
<input id="btnSend" type="button" value="发送" onclick="send()" disabled=true/>
</div>
<div>
<div>
来自服务端的消息
</div>
<textarea id="txtContent" cols="50" rows="10" readonly="readonly"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
</body>
<script>
function sleep(ms) {
return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
}
var socket;
var current=0;
var total;
var beforetime;
function connect() {
var host = "ws://" + $("serverIP").value + ":" + $("serverPort").value + "/";
document.getElementById("btnConnect").value = "连接中";
document.getElementById("btnConnect").disabled = true;
socket = new WebSocket(host);
try {
socket.onopen = function (msg) {
document.getElementById("btnConnect").value = "连接成功";
document.getElementById("btnSend").disabled = "";
//alert("连接成功！");
};
socket.onmessage = function (msg) {
if (typeof msg.data == "string") {
displayContent(msg.data);
if(msg.data=="Receive:100%"){
current=0;
total=0;
}
else if(msg.data.substr(0,7)=="Receive"){
var str1=msg.data.split(':')[1];
var str2=str1.split('/')[0];
picsend(parseInt(str2))
}
}
else {
alert("非文本消息");
}
};
socket.onerror = function (error) { alert("Error："+ error.name); };
socket.onclose = function (msg) {
document.getElementById("btnConnect").value = "连接";
document.getElementById("btnConnect").disabled = "";
document.getElementById("btnSend").disabled = true;//alert("连接关闭!");
};
}
catch (ex) {
log(ex);
}
}
async function send() {
var str = document.getElementById("sendText").value;
socket.send(str);
}
async function picsend(pos){
beforetime=new Date().getTime();
current=pos;
socket.close();
connect();
while(document.getElementById("btnConnect").value != "连接成功") {await sleep(200);}
var str = document.getElementById("sendText").value;
socket.send(str.substring(pos));
}
window.onbeforeunload = function () {
try {
socket.close();
socket = null;
}
catch (ex) {
}
};
function $(id) { return document.getElementById(id); }
Date.prototype.Format = function (fmt) { //author: meizz
var o = {
"M+": this.getMonth() + 1, //月份
"d+": this.getDate(), //日
"h+": this.getHours(), //小时
"m+": this.getMinutes(), //分
"s+": this.getSeconds(), //秒
"q+": Math.floor((this.getMonth() + 3) / 3), //季度
"S": this.getMilliseconds() //毫秒
};
if (/(y+)/.test(fmt)) fmt = fmt.replace(RegExp.$1, (this.getFullYear() + "").substr(4 - RegExp.$1.length));
for (var k in o)
if (new RegExp("(" + k + ")").test(fmt)) fmt = fmt.replace(RegExp.$1, (RegExp.$1.length == 1) ? (o[k]) : (("00" + o[k]).substr(("" + o[k]).length)));
return fmt;
}
function displayContent(msg) {
$("txtContent").value += "\r\n" +new Date().Format("yyyy/MM/dd hh:mm:ss")+ ": " + msg;
$("txtContent").scrollTop = $("txtContent").scrollHeight;
}
function onkey(event) { if (event.keyCode == 13) { send(); } }
</script>
</html>【后台Python】：
from threading import Thread
import struct
import time
import hashlib
import base64
import socket
import time
import types
import multiprocessing
import os
mode = "initialize"
pic_size = 0
pic_receive = 0
pic = ""
pic_repeat = []
class returnCrossDomain(Thread):
def __init__(self, connection):
Thread.__init__(self)
self.con = connection
self.isHandleShake = False
def run(self):
global mode
global pic_size
global pic_receive
global pic
global pic_repeat
while True:
if not self.isHandleShake:
# 开始握手阶段
header = self.analyzeReq()
secKey = header['Sec-WebSocket-Key'];
acceptKey = self.generateAcceptKey(secKey)
response = "HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols\r\n"
response += "Upgrade: websocket\r\n"
response += "Connection: Upgrade\r\n"
response += "Sec-WebSocket-Accept: %s\r\n\r\n" % (acceptKey.decode('utf-8'))
self.con.send(response.encode())
self.isHandleShake = True
if(mode=="initialize"):
mode = "get_order"
print('response:\r\n' + response)
# 握手阶段结束
#读取命令阶段
elif mode == "get_order":
opcode = self.getOpcode()
if opcode == 8:
self.con.close()
self.getDataLength()
clientData = self.readClientData()
print('客户端数据：' + str(clientData))
# 处理数据
ans = self.answer(clientData)
self.sendDataToClient(ans)
if (ans != "Unresolvable Command!" and ans != "hello world"):
pic_size = int(clientData[3:])
pic_receive = 0
pic = ""
pic_repeat=[]
print("需要接收的数据大小：", pic_size)
mode = "get_pic"
#读取图片阶段
elif mode == "get_pic":
opcode = self.getOpcode()
if opcode == 8:
self.con.close()
self.getDataLength()
clientData = self.readClientData()
print('客户端数据：' + str(clientData))
pic_receive += len(clientData)
pic += clientData
if pic_receive < pic_size:
self.sendDataToClient("Receive:"+str(pic_receive)+"/"+str(pic_size))
print("图片接收情况:",pic_receive,"/",pic_size)
#print("当前图片数据:",pic)
else:
print("完整图片数据:",pic)
self.sendDataToClient("Receive:100%")
result = self.process(pic)
self.sendDataToClient(result)
pic_size = 0
pic_receive = 0
pic = ""
pic_repeat=[]
mode = "get_order"
# 处理数据
# self.sendDataToClient(clientData)
def legal(self, string): # python总会胡乱接收一些数据。。只好过滤掉
if len(string) == 0:
return 0
elif len(string) <= 100:
if self.loc(string) != len(string):
return 0
else:
if mode != "get_pic":
return 1
elif len(string) + pic_receive == pic_size:
return 1
else:
return 0
else:
if self.loc(string) > 100:
if mode != "get_pic":
return 1
elif string[0:100] not in pic_repeat:
pic_repeat.append(string[0:100])
return 1
else:
return -1 # 收到重复数据，需要重定位
else:
return 0
def loc(self, string):
i = 0
while(i<len(string) and self.rightbase64(string[i])):
i = i+1
return i
def rightbase64(self, ch):
if (ch >= "a") and (ch <= "z"):
return 1
elif (ch >= "A") and (ch <= "Z"):
return 1
elif (ch >= "0") and (ch <= "9"):
return 1
elif ch == '+' or ch == '/' or ch == '|' or ch == '=' or ch == ' ' or ch == "'" or ch == '!' or ch == ':':
return 1
else:
return 0
def analyzeReq(self):
reqData = self.con.recv(1024).decode()
reqList = reqData.split('\r\n')
headers = {}
for reqItem in reqList:
if ': ' in reqItem:
unit = reqItem.split(': ')
headers[unit[0]] = unit[1]
return headers
def generateAcceptKey(self, secKey):
sha1 = hashlib.sha1()
sha1.update((secKey + '258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11').encode())
sha1_result = sha1.digest()
acceptKey = base64.b64encode(sha1_result)
return acceptKey
def getOpcode(self):
first8Bit = self.con.recv(1)
first8Bit = struct.unpack('B', first8Bit)[0]
opcode = first8Bit & 0b00001111
return opcode
def getDataLength(self):
second8Bit = self.con.recv(1)
second8Bit = struct.unpack('B', second8Bit)[0]
masking = second8Bit >> 7
dataLength = second8Bit & 0b01111111
#print("dataLength:",dataLength)
if dataLength <= 125:
payDataLength = dataLength
elif dataLength == 126:
payDataLength = struct.unpack('H', self.con.recv(2))[0]
elif dataLength == 127:
payDataLength = struct.unpack('Q', self.con.recv(8))[0]
self.masking = masking
self.payDataLength = payDataLength
#print("payDataLength:", payDataLength)
def readClientData(self):
if self.masking == 1:
maskingKey = self.con.recv(4)
data = self.con.recv(self.payDataLength)
if self.masking == 1:
i = 0
trueData = ''
for d in data:
trueData += chr(d ^ maskingKey[i % 4])
i += 1
return trueData
else:
return data
def sendDataToClient(self, text):
sendData = ''
sendData = struct.pack('!B', 0x81)
length = len(text)
if length <= 125:
sendData += struct.pack('!B', length)
elif length <= 65536:
sendData += struct.pack('!B', 126)
sendData += struct.pack('!H', length)
elif length == 127:
sendData += struct.pack('!B', 127)
sendData += struct.pack('!Q', length)
sendData += struct.pack('!%ds' % (length), text.encode())
dataSize = self.con.send(sendData)
def answer(self,data):
if(data[0:3]=="TC|"):
return "hello world"
elif(data[0:3]=="GS|"):
return "Gaosi Deblur Survice"
elif (data[0:3] == "DT|"):
return "DongTai Deblur Survice"
else:
return "Unresolvable Command!"
def padding(self,data):
missing_padding = 4 - len(data) % 4
if missing_padding:
data += '='*missing_padding
return data
def process(self,pic):
#此处是图片处理阶段
return pic
def main():
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
sock.bind(('127.0.0.1', 9999))
sock.listen(5)
while True:
try:
connection, address = sock.accept()
returnCrossDomain(connection).start()
except:
time.sleep(1)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()那上述代码其实只是一个最初用来测试的demo，最终的网站代码与这有许多不同，主要是为了debug，加入了令牌机制（抢占服务端资源），图片校对，超时重传，异处理等等，不过核心的网络传输方法就是上述代码内容了。
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